UNIT 4 ROCKS AND MINERALS

ROCKS

ROCKS ARE CLUSTERS OF MINERALS

TYPES OF ROCKS:

 IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, METAMORPHIC 

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS: MOLTEN LAVA FROM VOLCANOES COOLS AND HARDENS.

- LAVA COOLS QUICKLY= SMALL CRYSTALS. ROCKS WITH THE SAME COLOUR.

BASALT

- LAVA COOLS SLOWLY = LARGE CRYSTALS WITH DOTS OF COLOURS.

 GRANITE

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: LAYERS OF OTHER ROCK FRAGMENTS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS FOSSILS. IT TAKES MILLIONS OF YEARS TO FORM.

CLAY, LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS: MADE FROM IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.

MARBLE (FROM LIMESTONE)

SLATE (FROM SHALE)

MINERALS

MINERALS ARE STRUCTURED CRYSTALS WITH SPECIFIC CHEMICAL COMPONENTS.

TYPES OF MINERALS:

1. ELEMENTS (ONE COMPONENT). FOR EXAMPLE, DIAMOND.

2. SULPHATES (SULPHUR+OXYGEN+METAL). FOR EXAMPLE, GYPSUM

3. OXIDES (METAL + OXYGEN). FOR EXAMPLE, RUBIES.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

EACH MATERIAL HAS ITS OWN CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES.

HARD MATERIALS 

ARE DIFFICULT TO CUT OR SCRATCH.

DIAMOND

LIMESTONE

TOPAZ

 QUARTZ

SOME METALS

RESISTANT MATERIALS

ARE DIFFICULT TO BREAK

 STEEL

ALLUMINIUM

CONCRETE

FRAGILE MATERIALS

ARE EASY TO BREAK

GLASS

CERAMIC / CHINA

ELASTIC MATERIALS

WE CAN STRETCH ELASTIC MATERIALS AND THEY RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL SHAPE.

RUBBER

LATEX

 WATERPROOF MATERIALS

LIQUIDS CANNOT PASS THROUGH THEM.

PLASTIC

GLASS

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS

LET ELECTRICITY PASS THROUGH THEM

SILVER 

GOLD

GRAPHITE

COPPER

ALLUMINIUM

ELECTRICAL INSULATORS

ELECTRICITY CANNOT PASS THROUGH THEM

WOOD

PLASTIC (PVC)

PORCELAIN

PLASTIC

PLASTIC

TRANSPARENT MATERIALS

LET LIGHT PASS THROUGH THEM.

GLASS

 PLASTIC

OPAQUE MATERIALS

DO NOT LET LIGHT PASS THROUGH THEM

HEAT CONDUCTORS

THEY GET HOT VERY QUICKLY

COPPER

GOLD

ALLUMINIUM

HEAT INSULATORS

THEY DO NOT GET HOT QUICKLY

WOOD

RUBBER FOAM PLASTIC

USES OF MATERIALS:

CONSTRUCTION (ROADS, BUILDINGS...)

 HARD AND RESISTANT MATERIALS

CONCRETE (MADE WITH LIMESTONE)

IRON

TOOLS AND MACHINES: 

TOOLS

 MACHINES

RESISTANT MATERIALS.

IRON

 ALUMINIUM

(WE COVER THEM WITH WOOD OR PLASTIC FOR OUR PROTECTION)

WOOD PROTECTION

PLASTIC PROTECTION

ELICTRIC CABLES: GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS.

COPPER

PLASTIC COVERS COPPER BECAUSE IT IS A GOOD INSULATOR AND PROTECTS US.

PLASTIC

CLOTHES AND SHOES: 

SOFT AND RESISTANT MATERIALS. 

COTTON

 LEATHER

OTHER USES
WATCHES: QUARTZ CRYSTALS

 

JEWELRY: DIAMONDS

DRILLS: DIAMONDS

TALCUM POWDER, PAINTS...: TALC

STATUES: MARBLE, GRANITE, SANDSTONE

GLASS: QARTZ SAND + LIMESTONE